A scientist (and healthcare professional) who specializes in the treatment of teeth is called a dentist.
Dentists study oral health and treat issues related to:
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Teeth
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Gums
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Mouth and jaw
If you mean a more specific type of specialist:
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Orthodontist – focuses on correcting teeth alignment (braces, retainers)
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Endodontist – specializes in root canal treatments
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Periodontist – treats gum diseases
Dentist
A dentist is a licensed healthcare professional who:
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Diagnoses and treats teeth and gum problems
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Fills cavities
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Performs extractions
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Does cleanings
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Places crowns, bridges, etc.
They work directly with patients in clinics.
A dental scientist focuses on research rather than treating patients. They:
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Study tooth decay and gum disease
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Research new dental materials
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Develop better treatment methods
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Work in laboratories, universities, or research institutions
They may or may not treat patients.
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Dentist = treats patients
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Dental scientist = studies and researches teeth and oral health

Thanks for your detailed explanation